Seven Wonders of the
Modern World as named by ASCE
As a tribute to the greatest
civil engineering achievements of the 20th
century, the American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE) has chosen the Seven Wonders of the
Modern World.
The international wonders
demonstrate modern society's ability to achieve
unachievable feats, reach unreachable heights,
and scorn the notion "it can't be done."
ASCE honored the following civil
engineering marvels:
-
Channel Tunnel (England &
France)
-
CN Tower (Toronto)
-
Empire State Building (New
York)
-
Golden Gate Bridge (San
Francisco)
-
Itaipu Dam (Brazil/Paraguay)
-
Netherlands North Sea
Protection Works (Netherlands)
-
Panama Canal (Panama)
The Society sought nominations
from civil engineering societies and
distinguished engineering experts from around
the world. From their consensus emerged the
Seven Wonders, which were judged on factors such
as pioneering of design and construction,
contributions to humanity, and engineering
challenges that were overcome.
The list evokes the storied
seven wonders of the ancient world, which first
illustrated humanity's fascination with
engineering works that seemingly defied the
limits of nature. While only a few of the
original wonders remain, the modern wonders
represent civil engineering's legacy to the 20th
century.
The Seven Wonders of
the Ancient World:
-
The Pyramids of Egypt
-
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
-
Statue of Zeus at Olympia
-
Colossus of Rhodes
-
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
-
Mausoleum of Helicarnassus
-
Pharos (Lighthouse) of
Alexandria
"The original wonders were
amazing sites to behold, but today's modern
wonders are more than simply awe inspiring. They
are functional, operational masterpieces that
have revolutionized civil engineering and
benefited humanity. The Seven Wonders of the
Modern World are a tribute to universal human
desire to triumph over the impossible," added
Charles A. Parthum, ASCE 1996 President.
A glimpse at the
future...
To be considered a modern
wonder, projects must have been completed and
fully operational, thus several of the world's
largest undertakings were not eligible for
consideration. With Asia leading the way, the
seven wonders of the 21st Century could be quite
different. In another 50 years, the list of
civil engineering wonders may include:
-
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge --
Links the city of Kobe with Awaji Island in
Osaka Bay. With a main span of 6528 feet,
Japan boasts the world's longest suspension
span.
-
Kansai International Airport
-- This Japanese airport lies on a vast
artificial island planted a full 3 miles
from shore.
-
Petronas Twin Towers -- One
of the world's tallest building recently has
graced Kuala Lumpur at a height of 1476-ft.
Itaipu Dam
Five miles wide and requiring
enough concrete to build five Hoover Dams, the
Itaipu Dam spans the Parana River at the
Brazil/Paraguay border. During its construction,
workers shifted the course of the seventh
largest river in the world by removing 50
million tons of earth and rock to dig a 1.3-mile
bypass. The main dam, as high as a 65-story
building, is composed of hollow concrete
segments, while the flanking wings are earth and
rock fill. Enough iron and steel was used at
Itaipu to build 300 Eiffel Towers. Another
marvel of Itaipu is its powerhouse -- half a
mile long, half underwater and containing 18
hydroelectric generators each 53 ft. across.
Some 160 tons of water per second pour onto each
turbine, generating 12,600 mega watts --enough
to power most of California. Itaipu currently
supplies 28 percent of all the electric energy
in Brazil's south, southeast and central-west
regions, and 72 percent of Paraguay's total
energy consumption.
Channel Tunnel
The 31-mile Channel Tunnel
(Chunnel) fulfilled a centuries-old dream by
linking Britain and the rest of Europe. It's
more than a tunnel -- it rolls infrastructure
and immense machinery into an underwater tunnel
system of unprecedented ambition. Three concrete
tubes each 5 ft. thick, plunge into the earth at
Coquelles, France and burrow through the chalky
basement of the English Channel. They reemerge
at Folkstone, behind the white cliffs of Dover.
Through two of the tubes rush the broadest
trains ever built -- double decker behemoths 14
ft. across -- traveling close to 100 mph.
Passengers board not on foot, but in automobiles
and buses. Maintenance and emergency vehicles
ply the third tunnel, between the rail tubes.
Meanwhile, machines are always at work, turning
the Channel Tunnel into a living, intelligent
structure. Huge pistons open and close ducts,
relieving the pressure that builds ahead of the
train's noses. Some 300miles of cold water
piping run alongside the rail tracks to drain
off the heat raised by air friction.
CN Tower
The world's tallest
free-standing structure soars 1,815 ft. above
the sidewalks of Toronto, three times the height
of its better-known cousin, the Seattle Space
Needle. The CN Tower, as heavy as 23,214 large
elephants, was erected at an amazing rate of 18
ft. per day. During construction, concrete
flowed from the bottom of the tower as it
ascended, while aircraft-type bombsights kept
the tower plumb as it went up. Today the tower
is off by a mere 1.1 inch. Designed with the aid
of a wind tunnel, the CN Tower can withstand
260-mph gusts. The SkyPod, a seven-story
structure 1,100 ft. high, was built around the
base of the tower and jacked into place as one
unit. A pair of 10-ton counterweights are
attached to the mast to keep the tower from
swaying too much. A Sikorsky helicopter hoisted
the crowning antenna, for which the tower was
originally erected. FM radio signals are
broadcast from the base of the antenna, while
television signals are sent from the top.
Presently, 16 of Toronto's media signals are
transmitted from the tower.
The Panama Canal
The dream of Spanish
conquistadors and the failed ambition of famed
French canal builder Ferdinand de Lesseps, the
Panama Canal is one of civil engineering's
greatest triumphs. Under the direction of U.S.
Col. George Washington Goethals, 42,000 workers
dredged, blasted and excavated from Colon to
Balboa. They moved enough earth and rubble to
bury the island of Manhattan to a depth of 12
ft. -- or enough to open a 16-ft.-wide tunnel to
the center of the Earth. The canal was finished
on time and within budget. But after completion,
a challenge remained: how to tame the flood
waters of Chagres River, known to rise 25 ft. in
a day during monsoon season? Solution: Civil
engineers erected a dam that formed the world's
then-largest man-made lake. Today the Canal
operates much as it did in 1914. In each
transit, 52 million gallons of fresh water is
lost, but it is quickly replaced by Panama's
heavy rainfall. The canal remains a testament to
the combined skills of structural, geotechnical,
hydraulic and sanitary engineers.
The Golden Gate
Bridge
More than 60 years after its
completion, the Golden Gate Bridge remains the
world's tallest suspension bridge. Hanging from
two 746-ft-high towers, its cables -- each a
yard thick --are the biggest ever to support a
bridge. In fact, the Golden Gate Bridge contains
enough cable to encircle the earth three times.
To leap across the mouth of an ocean harbor,
something never before accomplished, civil
engineers planted one pier in the open sea,
1,000 ft. from the shore. Construction crews
braved biting cold, 70-mph gusts and dizzying
heights to complete the bridge in only four
years. The bridge combines engineering strength
and beauty. It survived the 1989 Loma Prieta
earthquake, and weather has shut it to traffic
only three times in 60 years. Currently the span
is undergoing a seismic retrofit to withstand a
90-second earthquake that measures 8.3on the
Richter scale. Today, the Golden Gate Bridge
remains one of the world's most revered, and
photographed bridges.
Empire State Building
At 1,250 ft. the Empire State
Building is the best-known skyscraper in the
world, and was by far the tallest building in
the world for more than 40 years. The building's
most astonishing feat however, was the speed in
which it rose into the New York City skyline.
Construction was completed in only one year and
45 days, without requiring overtime. Ironworkers
set a torrid pace, riveting the 58,000-ton frame
together in 23 weeks. While just below them,
masons finished the exterior in eight months,
and plumbers laid 51 miles of pipe and
electricians installed 17 million ft. of
telephone wire. The building was so
well-engineered that is was easily repaired
after a bomber crashed into it in 1945. The
precise choreography of the operation
revolutionized the tall building construction
industry. Although it has been surpassed as the
world's tallest building, the Empire State
Building remains the standard against which all
other skyscrapers have been judged for the last
65 years.
North Sea Protection
Works (Netherlands)
Unique in the world, this vast
and complex system of dams, floodgates, storm
surge barriers and other engineered works
literally allows the Netherlands to exist. For
centuries, the people of the Netherlands have
repeatedly attempted to push back the sea --
only to watch merciless storm surges flood their
efforts, since the nation sits below sea level
and its land mass is still sinking. The North
Sea Protection Works consists of two monumental
steps the Dutch took to win their struggle to
hold back the sea. Step One -- a 19-mile-long
enclosure dam built between 1927 and 1932. The
immense dike, 100 yards thick at the waterline,
collars the neck of the estuary once known as
the Zuiderzee. Step Two was the Delta Project to
control the treacherous area where the mouths of
the Meuse and Rhine Rivers break into a delta.
The crowning touch was the Eastern Schelde
Barrier, a two-mile barrier of tell gates slung
between massive concrete piers. The gates fall
only when storm-waters threaten. The North Sea
Protection Works exemplifies humanity's ability
to exist side-by-side with the forces of nature.
Copyright © 1996, 1997 ASCE. All
rights reserved.
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